Brazil x Venezuela: An Analysis of Bilateral Relations
The relationship between Brazil and Venezuela is characterized by a complex interplay of historical, political, economic, and cultural factors. As neighboring countries in South America, they share an extensive border and face challenges and opportunities that have shaped their coexistence over the years. This article explores the trajectory of these relations, highlighting historical moments, political issues, economic exchanges, migratory flows, and cultural cooperation, with a detailed analysis of the main aspects that define the bilateral relationship.
1. Historical Context of Relations
1.1. Colonial Roots and Independence
The history of Brazil-Venezuela relations dates back to the colonial period when both territories were controlled by European powers: Brazil by Portugal and Venezuela by Spain. During this time, the border between the two territories was imprecise, leading to territorial disputes, particularly in the Amazon region. After independence in the early 19th century, Brazil and Venezuela began delineating their borders through treaties aimed at resolving conflicts and establishing peaceful coexistence.
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) initially outlined the division of territories in the Americas, but it was not until the Treaty of 1859 that the Brazil-Venezuela border began to be formally defined. Nevertheless, border issues persisted into the 20th century, with additional agreements to demarcate the regions of Roraima and Amazonas.
1.2. 20th Century: Cooperation and Conflicts
In the 20th century, Brazil-Venezuela relations gained new momentum with the consolidation of national states. During the Cold War, the two countries held differing positions regarding global influences but pursued regional cooperation through organizations like the Organization of American States (OAS). The creation of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty in 1978 was a significant milestone, promoting collaboration in preserving the Amazon, a region shared by both nations.
However, periods of political instability in Venezuela, such as coups and dictatorships, contrasted with Brazil’s redemocratization starting in the 1980s, creating moments of tension. Nevertheless, diplomacy prevailed, with efforts to maintain regional stability.
2. Political Relations
2.1. Ideological Differences
Political relations between Brazil and Venezuela have often been influenced by ideological differences between their governments. During Hugo Chávez’s presidency (1999-2013), Venezuela adopted a Bolivarian stance marked by socialist policies and anti-imperialist rhetoric. Brazil, under center-left governments like that of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010), pursued a pragmatic relationship, promoting South American integration through initiatives like Mercosur and Unasur.
However, the rise of conservative governments in Brazil, particularly during Jair Bolsonaro’s presidency (2019-2022), intensified tensions. Brazil openly criticized Nicolás Maduro’s regime, Chávez’s successor, due to human rights violations and the democratic crisis in Venezuela. This stance contrasted with the neutrality of previous Brazilian governments, highlighting how internal political shifts impact bilateral relations.
2.2. Venezuelan Political Crisis
The political crisis in Venezuela, worsening since 2013, has directly affected Brazil. The deterioration of Venezuelan democracy, marked by contested elections and repression of opponents, led Brazil, along with other Mercosur countries, to suspend Venezuela from the bloc in 2017. Additionally, Brazil recognized Juan Guaidó as interim president in 2019, aligning with the United States and other Western nations.
This position caused diplomatic friction, with Venezuela accusing Brazil of interfering in its internal affairs. Despite this, Brazil maintained dialogue channels, particularly to address humanitarian issues such as migratory flows.
3. Economic Relations
3.1. Bilateral Trade
Trade between Brazil and Venezuela was once significant, particularly in the 2000s, when Venezuela was an important market for Brazilian products such as food, machinery, and vehicles. Brazil, in turn, imported oil and derivatives from Venezuela, benefiting from geographical proximity and regional agreements.
However, Venezuela’s economic crisis, characterized by hyperinflation and a collapse in oil production, drastically reduced bilateral trade. Recent data indicates that Brazil exported approximately US$500 million to Venezuela in 2022, while imports were below US$100 million, figures far below the peak recorded in the previous decade.
3.2. Debts and Infrastructure Projects
Venezuela has accumulated a significant debt with Brazil, estimated at R$10.3 billion, related to infrastructure projects financed by the Brazilian National Development Bank (BNDES). These projects, including subways, shipyards, and steel plants, were halted due to Venezuela’s economic crisis, with no short-term prospects for repayment.
This situation has sparked debates in Brazil about the viability of investments in countries with economic instability but also underscored the importance of diversifying commercial partnerships in the region.
4. Migratory Flows
4.1. Venezuelan Migratory Crisis
The humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, triggered by political, economic, and social instability, has led to a massive exodus of Venezuelans. Since 2015, millions have left the country, and Brazil, as a neighboring nation, has become a primary destination. It is estimated that over 400,000 Venezuelans live in Brazil, many entering through the state of Roraima.
Operation Acolhida, launched in 2018, is a Brazilian government initiative, in partnership with international organizations, to receive and integrate Venezuelan immigrants. The operation provides humanitarian assistance, documentation, and support for relocation to other regions of Brazil, alleviating pressure on border cities like Pacaraima and Boa Vista.
4.2. Impacts on Brazil
The arrival of Venezuelans has generated both challenges and opportunities. In Roraima, local infrastructure has been strained, leading to tensions with local communities. However, the integration of immigrants in states like Amazonas, São Paulo, and Paraná has contributed to the economy, with many Venezuelans filling jobs in sectors such as construction, commerce, and services.
Brazil also faces the challenge of integrating Venezuelan indigenous communities, such as the Warao, who have crossed the border seeking better conditions. Cultural and linguistic support programs have been implemented to assist these populations.
5. Cultural and Educational Cooperation
5.1. Cultural Exchange
Despite political tensions, Brazil and Venezuela share significant cultural ties. Geographical proximity facilitates the exchange of cultural expressions such as music, dance, and cuisine. The influence of Venezuelan salsa, merengue, and arepas is visible in Brazilian cities near the border, while Brazilian samba and cuisine, such as feijoada, have gained popularity in Venezuelan communities.
Cultural festivals, such as the Parintins Festival in Amazonas, have attracted Venezuelan visitors, promoting cultural exchange. Additionally, the presence of Venezuelan immigrants in Brazil has enriched the cultural scene, with events celebrating Venezuelan heritage.
5.2. Education and Language
The Portuguese language in Brazil and Spanish in Venezuela create a linguistic barrier that is partially overcome through educational initiatives. Portuguese language programs for Venezuelan immigrants have been implemented, while Spanish is gaining ground in Brazilian schools near the border.
Moreover, Brazilian universities, such as the Federal University of Roraima, have welcomed Venezuelan students through exchange programs and scholarships, strengthening academic ties. These initiatives promote integration and mutual understanding between the two nations.
6. Security and Border Issues
6.1. Border Security
The Brazil-Venezuela border, stretching over 2,200 km, is a strategic area for both countries. Recently, Brazil has reinforced its military presence in the region, deploying thousands of soldiers and equipment to Roraima in response to concerns about security and trafficking.
Issues such as smuggling, drug trafficking, and activities by armed groups have challenged bilateral cooperation. Brazil has sought partnerships with Colombia and other neighboring countries to monitor the region, while Venezuela faces internal difficulties in controlling its border.
6.2. Regional Cooperation
Despite these challenges, Brazil and Venezuela participate in regional initiatives, such as the Amazon Cooperation Treaty, to address common issues like deforestation and transnational crime. Cooperation in the Amazon is essential, as both countries share responsibility for preserving the world’s largest tropical biome.
7. Future Perspectives
7.1. Political Reconciliation
The future of Brazil-Venezuela relations depends on the political evolution in both countries. With the return of center-left governments in Brazil, such as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s administration starting in 2023, there are signs of rapprochement. Brazil has sought to resume dialogue with Venezuela, prioritizing diplomacy and humanitarian cooperation while maintaining criticism of Venezuela’s democratic situation.
7.2. Economic and Social Integration
Venezuela’s economic recovery will be crucial for revitalizing bilateral trade. Infrastructure projects, such as the road connection between Manaus and Caracas, could strengthen economic ties, benefiting both countries. Additionally, the integration of Venezuelan immigrants in Brazil may create long-term cultural and economic bridges.
7.3. Sustainability (snip)
Conclusion
The relationship between Brazil and Venezuela is complex, marked by moments of cooperation and tension. Shared history, economic exchanges, migratory flows, and security challenges have shaped a dynamic relationship that reflects both differences and similarities between the two countries. Despite challenges, there is potential for deeper cooperation, particularly in the Amazon, culture, and immigrant integration. The future will depend on diplomatic efforts, Venezuela’s political stabilization, and a shared vision for South America.
